Aerosols refer to tiny particles or droplets suspended in the atmosphere, which can come from various natural and human-made sources, such as smoke, dust, volcanic gases, or industrial emissions. These particles can both reflect and absorb sunlight. Since they reflect sunlight, aerosols can have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, as they prevent some of the solar energy from reaching the Earth’s surface. However, when they absorb sunlight, they can also contribute to warming.

Extreme heat refers to abnormally high temperatures that surpass the average norms for a particular region. It exerts significant stress on both the human body and the environment. Extreme heat can lead to various health problems, including dehydration, heatstroke, and even death, especially among vulnerable populations like the elderly, young children, or those with preexisting health conditions. Extreme heat also acts as an agent of broader environmental change. It accelerates ice melt in glaciers, fuels wildfires, and contributes to rising sea levels, leading to long-term ecological and geographical transformations.

The Goldilocks Zone refers to the specific range of environmental conditions that are ideal for life to thrive. Within this zone, conditions are neither too hot nor too cold, allowing living organisms, especially humans, to survive and flourish.